Analysis of environmental biological effects and OBT accumulation potential of microalgae in freshwater systems exposed to tritium pollution.

The ecological risk of tritiated wastewater into the environment has attracted much attention. Assessing the ecological risk of tritium-containing pollution is crucial by studying low-activity tritium exposure's environmental and biological effects on freshwater micro-environment and the enrichment potential of organically bound tritium (OBT) in microalgae and aquatic plants. The impact of tritium-contaminated wastewater on the microenvironment of freshwater systems was analyzed using microcosm experiments to simulate tritium pollution in freshwater systems. Low activity tritium pollution (105 Bq/L) induced differences in microbial abundance, with Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Desulfobacterota occupying important ecological niches in the water system. Low activity tritium (105-107 Bq/L) did not affect the growth of microalgae and aquatic plants, but OBT was significantly enriched in microalgae and two aquatic plants (Pistia stratiotes, Spirodela polyrrhiza), with the enrichment coefficients of 2.08-3.39 and 1.71-2.13, respectively. At the transcriptional level, low-activity tritium (105 Bq/L) has the risk of interfering with gene expression in aquatic plants. Four dominant cyanobacterial strains (Leptolyngbya sp., Synechococcus elongatus, Nostoc sp., and Anabaena sp.) were isolated and demonstrated good environmental adaptability to tritium pollution. Environmental factors can modify the tritium accumulation potential in cyanobacteria and microalgae, theoretically enhancing food chain transfer.

IL-21R-STAT3 signalling initiates a differentiation program in uterine tissue-resident NK cells to support pregnancy.

Tissue-resident Natural Killer (trNK) cells are crucial components of local immunity that activate rapidly upon infection. However, under steady state conditions, their responses are tightly controlled to prevent unwanted tissue damage. The mechanisms governing their differentiation and activation are not fully understood. Here, we characterise uterine trNK cells longitudinally during pregnancy by single cell RNA sequencing and find that the combined expression pattern of 4-1BB and CD55 defines their three distinct stages of differentiation in mice. Mechanistically, an IL-21R-STAT3 axis is essential for initiating the trNK cell differentiation. The fully differentiated trNK cells demonstrate enhanced functionality, which is necessary for remodelling spiral arteries in the decidua. We identify an apoptotic program that is specific to the terminal differentiation stage, which may preclude tissue damage by these highly activated trNK cells. In summary, uterine trNK cells become intensely active and effective during pregnancy, but tightly controlled via a differentiation program that also limits potential harm, suggesting an intricate mechanism for harnessing trNK cells in maintaining pregnancy.

Thin-Film Rheology and Tribology of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic molten salts with low-temperature melting points that hold promise as next-generation environmentally friendly boundary lubricants. This work examines the relationship between tribological and rheological behavior of thin films of five imidazolium ILs using a surface force apparatus to elucidate lubrication mechanisms. When confined to films of a few nanometers, the rheological properties change drastically as a function of the number of confined ion layers; not only the viscosity increases by several orders of magnitude but ILs can also undergo a transition from Newtonian to viscoelastic fluid and to an elastic solid. This behavior can be justified by the confinement-induced formation of supramolecular clusters with long relaxation times. The quantized friction coefficient is explained from the perspective of the strain relaxation via diffusion of these supramolecular clusters, where higher friction correlates with longer relaxation times. A deviation from this behavior is observed only for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([C2C1Im][EtSO4]), characterized by strong hydrogen bonding; this is hypothesized to restrict the reorganization of the confined IL into clusters and hinder (visco)elastic behavior, which is consistent with the smallest friction coefficient measured for this IL. We also investigate the contrasting influence of traces of water on the thin-film rheology and tribology of a hydrophobic IL, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, [C2C1Im][FAP], and a hydrophilic IL, [C2C1Im][EtSO4]. [C2C1Im][EtSO4] remains Newtonian under both dry and humid conditions and provides the best lubrication, while [C2C1Im][FAP], characterized by a prominent solid-like behavior under both conditions, is a poor lubricant. The results of this study may inspire molecular designs to enable efficient IL lubrication.

Converting commercial Bi2O3 particles into Bi2O2Se@Bi4O8Se nanosheets for "rocking chair" zinc-ion batteries.

The development of a low-cost, high-capacity, and insertion-type anode is key for promoting "rocking chair" zinc-ion batteries. Herein, commercial Bi2O3 (BiO) particles are transformed into Bi2O2Se@Bi4O8Se (BiOSe) nanosheets through a simple selenylation process. The change in morphology from commercial BiO particle to BiOSe nanosheet leads to an increased specific surface area of the material. The enhanced electronic/ionic conductivity results in its excellent electrochemical kinetics. Ex situ XRD and XPS tests prove the intercalation-type mechanism of BiO and BiOSe as well as the superior electrochemical reversibility of BiOSe compared to BiO. Furthermore, the H+/Zn2+ co-insertion mechanism of BiOSe is revealed. This makes BiOSe to have low discharge plateaus of 0.38/0.68 V, a high reversible capacity of 182 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, and a long cyclic life of 500 cycles at 1 A g-1. Besides, the BiOSe//MnO2 "rocking chair" zinc-ion battery offers a high capacity of ≈90 mA h g-1 at 0.2 A g-1. This work provides a reference for turning commercial material into high-performance anode for "rocking chair" zinc-ion batteries.

Genetic distinction between functional tissue-resident and conventional natural killer cells.

Tissue-residential natural killer (trNK) cells act as pioneering responders during infectious challenges. However, their discrimination with conventional NK (cNK) cells is still an issue. Through an integrative transcriptome comparison of the two NK subgroups from different tissues, we have defined two genesets capable of efficiently distinguishing them. Based on the two genesets, a fundamental difference between the activation of trNK and cNK is identified and further confirmed. Mechanistically, we have discovered a particular role of chromatin landscape in regulating the trNK activation. In addition, IL-21R and IL-18R are respectively highly expressed by trNK and cNK, indicating a role of cytokine milieu in determining their differential activation. Indeed, IL-21 is particularly critical in accessorily promoting trNK activation using a bunch of bifunctional transcription factors. Together, this study sheds light on the bona fide difference between trNK and cNK, which will further expand our knowledge about their distinct functionalities during immune responses.

Water in the Electrical Double Layer of Ionic Liquids on Graphene.

The performance of electrochemical devices using ionic liquids (ILs) as electrolytes can be impaired by water uptake. This work investigates the influence of water on the behavior of hydrophilic and hydrophobic ILs─with ethylsulfate and tris(perfluoroalkyl)trifluorophosphate or bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide (TFSI) anions, respectively─on electrified graphene, a promising electrode material. The results show that water uptake slightly reduces the IL electrochemical stability and significantly influences graphene's potential of zero charge, which is justified by the extent of anion depletion from the surface. Experiments confirm the dominant contribution of graphene's quantum capacitance (CQ) to the total interfacial capacitance (Cint) near the PZC, as expected from theory. Combining theory and experiments reveals that the hydrophilic IL efficiently screens surface charge and exhibits the largest double layer capacitance (CIL ∼ 80 µF cm-2), so that CQ governs the charge stored. The hydrophobic ILs are less efficient in charge screening and thus exhibit a smaller capacitance (CIL ∼ 6-9 µF cm-2), which governs Cint already at small potentials. An increase in the total interfacial capacitance is observed at positive voltages for humid TFSI-ILs relative to dry ones, consistent with the presence of a satellite peak. Short-range surface forces reveal the change of the interfacial layering with potential and water uptake owing to reorientation of counterions, counterion binding, co-ion repulsion, and water enrichment. These results are consistent with the charge being mainly stored in a ∼2 nm-thick double layer, which implies that ILs behave as highly concentrated electrolytes. This knowledge will advance the design of IL-graphene-based electrochemical devices.

Ni-doped Bi2O2CO3 nanosheet with H+/Zn2+ co-insertion for "rocking chair" zinc-ion battery.

Developing insertion-type anode is key to advancing "rocking chair" zinc-ion batteries, though there are few reported insertion-type anodes. Herein, the Bi2O2CO3 is a high-potential anode, with a special layered structure. A one-step hydrothermal method was used to prepare Ni-doped Bi2O2CO3 nanosheet, and also a free-standing electrode consisting of Ni-Bi2O2CO3 and CNTs was designed. Both cross-linked CNTs conductive networks and Ni doping improve charge transfer. Ex situ tests (XRD, XPS, TEM, etc.) reveal the H+/Zn2+ co-insertion mechanism of Bi2O2CO3 and that Ni doping improves its electrochemical reversibility and structural stability. Therefore, this optimized electrode offers a high specific capacity of 159 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1, a suitable average discharge voltage of ≈0.400 V, and a long-term cycling stability of 2200 cycles at 700 mA g-1. Besides, the Ni-Bi2O2CO3//MnO2 "rocking chair" zinc-ion battery (based on the total mass of cathode and anode) delivers a high capacity of ≈100 mAh g-1 at 50.0 mA g-1. This work provides a reference for designing high-performance anode in zinc-ion batteries.

PD-1 signaling facilitates activation of lymphoid tissue inducer cells by restraining fatty acid oxidation.

Anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) immunotherapy that aims to restore T cell activity in cancer patients frequently leads to immune-related adverse events such as colitis. However, the underlying mechanism is still elusive. Here, we find that Pdcd1-deficient mice exhibit disrupted gut microbiota and aggravated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. In addition to T cells, PD-1 is also substantially expressed in colonic lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells. During DSS-induced colitis, LTi cell activation is accompanied by increased PD-1 expression, whereas PD-1 deficiency results in reduced interleukin-22 (IL-22) production by LTi cells and exacerbated inflammation. Mechanistically, activated LTi cells reprogram their metabolism toward carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid synthesis, while fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is unchanged. However, PD-1 deficiency leads to significantly elevated FAO in LTi cells, which in turn attenuates their activation and IL-22 production. Consistently, FAO suppression efficiently restores IL-22 production in Pdcd1-/- LTi cells. Thus, our study provides unforeseen mechanistic insight into colitis occurrence during anti-PD-1 immunotherapy through LTi cell metabolic reconfiguration.

Biochar-based microbial agent reduces U and Cd accumulation in vegetables and improves rhizosphere microecology.

Microbial remediation of heavy metals in soil has been widely studied. However, bioremediation efficiency is limited in practical applications because of nutritional deficiency, low efficiency, and competition with indigenous microorganisms. Herein, we prepared a biochar-based microbial agent (BMA) by immobilizing the microbial agent (MA, containing Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Citrobacter sp.) on biochar for the remediation of U and Cd in soil. The results showed that BMA increased soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity and dehydrogenase activity by 58.7%, 38.2%, 42.9%, and 51.1%. The availability of U and Cd were significantly decreased by 67.4% and 54.2% in BMA amended soil, thereby reducing their accumulation in vegetables. BMA greatly promoted vegetable growth. Additionally, BMA significantly altered the structure and function of rhizosphere soil microbial communities. Coincidently, more abundant ecologically beneficial bacteria like Nitrospira, Nitrosomonas, Lysobacter, and Bacillus were observed, whereas plant pathogenic fungi like Fusarium and Alternaria reduced in BMA amended soil. The network analysis revealed that BMA amendment increased the tightness and complexity of microbial communities. Importantly, the compatibility of niches and microbial species within co-occurrence network was enhanced after BMA addition. These findings provide a promising strategy for suppressing heavy metal accumulation in vegetables and promoting their growth.

Abnormal Epigenetic Regulations in the Immunocytes of Sjögren's Syndrome Patients and Therapeutic Potentials.

Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), characterized by keratoconjunctivitis sicca and dry mouth, is a common autoimmune disease, especially in middle-aged women. The immunopathogenesis of SjS is caused by the sequential infiltration of T and B cells into exocrine glands, including salivary and lacrimal glands. Effector cytokines produced by these immunocytes, such as interferons (IFNs), IL-17, IL-22, IL-21, IL-4, TNF-α, BAFF and APRIL, play critical roles in promoting autoimmune responses and inducing tissue damages. Epigenetic regulations, including DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNAs, have recently been comprehensively studied during the activation of various immunocytes. The deficiency of key epigenetic enzymes usually leads to aberrant immune activation. Epigenetic modifications in T and B cells are usually found to be altered during the immunopathogenesis of SjS, and they are closely correlated with autoimmune responses. In particular, the important role of methylation in activating IFN pathways during SjS progression has been revealed. Thus, according to the involvement of epigenetic regulations in SjS, target therapies to reverse the altered epigenetic modifications in auto-responsive T and B cells are worthy of being considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for SjS.

Rheological Characteristics of Ionic Liquids under Nanoconfinement.

While the dynamic properties of ionic liquids (ILs) in nanoconfinement play a crucial role in the performance of IL-based electrochemical and mechanical devices, experimental work mostly falls short at reporting "solid-like" versus "liquid-like" behavior of confined ILs. The present work is the first to conduct frequency-sweep oscillatory-shear rheology on IL nanofilms, reconciling the solid-versus-liquid debate and revealing the importance of shear rate in the behavior. We disentangle and analyze the viscoelasticity of nanoconfined ILs and shed light on their relaxation mechanisms. Furthermore, a master curve describes the scaling of the dynamic behavior of four (non-hydrogen-bonding) ILs under nanoconfinement and reveals the role of the compressibility of the flow units.

Metal organic framework UiO-66 incorporated ultrafiltration membranes for simultaneous natural organic matter and heavy metal ions removal.

In this work, a new type of UiO-66 incorporated polysulfone (PSf) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes was fabricated to enhance antifouling properties and heavy metal ions removal efficiency. The UF membranes incorporating different loadings of the UiO-66 filler were prepared via the classical phase inversion process. These membranes unveiled enhanced hydrophilicity, porosity, water uptake, zeta potential, mechanical strength, permeability, and HA removal ratios due to the incorporation of hydrophilic UiO-66 fillers. Particularly, HA rejection ratios were observed to be approximately 93% for all the modified membranes, which was attributed to electrostatic repulsion interactions between the hydrophilic groups of HA and UiO-66. Moreover, the antifouling abilities of the modified membranes were evaluated and found to be much better with a high flux recovery ratio (FRR) of about 88% when compared to the blank PSf membrane (only around 34%). Moreover, the UiO-66 incorporated membranes were highly-effective in the removal of contaminants like heavy metal ions (Sr2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cr6+) and HA at the same time. Overall, the PSf UF membranes incorporating UiO-66 opened up a new avenue to enhance the membrane hydrophilicity, permeability, antifouling properties as well as heavy metal ions removal abilities.

Using Patterned Self-Assembled Monolayers to Tune Graphene-Substrate Interactions.

Graphene has unique mechanical, electronic, and optical properties that make it of interest for an array of applications. These properties can be modulated by controlling the architecture of graphene and its interactions with surfaces. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can tailor graphene-surface interactions; however, spatially controlling these interactions remains a challenge. Here, we blend colloidal lithography with varying SAM chemistries to create patterned architectures that modify the properties of graphene based on its chemical interactions with the substrate and to study how these interactions are spatially arrayed. The patterned systems and their resulting structural, nanomechanical, and optical properties have been characterized using atomic force microscopy, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Microbial community structure and metabolome profiling characteristics of soil contaminated by TNT, RDX, and HMX.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the ecotoxicity of typical explosives and their mechanisms in the soil microenvironment. Here, TNT (trinitrotoluene), RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine), and HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine) were used to simulate the soil pollution of single explosives and their combination. The changes in soil enzyme activity and microbial community structure and function were analyzed in soil, and the effects of explosives exposure on the soil metabolic spectrum were revealed by non-targeted metabonomics. TNT, RDX, and HMX exposure significantly inhibited soil microbial respiration and urease and dehydrogenase activities. Explosives treatment reduced the diversity and richness of the soil microbial community structure, and the microorganisms able to degrade explosives began to occupy the soil niche, with the Sphingomonadaceae, Actinobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria showing significantly increased relative abundances. Non-targeted metabonomics analysis showed that the main soil differential metabolites under explosives stress were lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, with the phosphotransferase system (PTS) pathway the most enriched pathway. The metabolic pathways for carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids in soil were specifically inhibited. Therefore, residues of TNT, RDX, and HMX in the soil could inhibit soil metabolic processes and change the structure of the soil microbial community.

Analysis of the biodegradation and phytotoxicity mechanism of TNT, RDX, HMX in alfalfa (Medicago sativa).

The aim of this study was to reveal the mechanism underlying the toxicity of TNT (trinitrotoluene), RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitroamine), and HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine) explosives pollution in plants. Here, the effects of exposure to these three explosives were examined on chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant enzyme activity, and the metabolite spectrum in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. The degradation rates for TNT, RDX, and HMX by alfalfa were 26.8%, 20.4%, and 18.4%, respectively, under hydroponic conditions. TNT caused damage to the microstructure of the plant roots and inhibited photosynthesis, whereas RDX and HMX induced only minor changes. Exposure to any of the three explosives caused disturbances in the oxidase system. Non-targeted metabolomics identified a total of 6185 metabolites. TNT exposure induced the appearance of 609 differentially expressed metabolites (189 upregulated, 420 downregulated), RDX exposure induced 197 differentially expressed metabolites (155 upregulated and 42 downregulated), and HMX induced 234 differentially expressed metabolites (132 upregulated and 102 downregulated). Of these differentially expressed metabolites, lipids and lipid-like molecules were the main metabolites induced by explosives poisoning. TNT mainly caused significant changes in the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism metabolic pathways, RDX mainly caused disorders in the arginine biosynthesis metabolic pathway, and HMX disrupted the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway. Taken together, the results show that exposure to TNT, RDX, and HMX leads to imbalances in plant photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant enzyme systems, changes the basic metabolism of plants, and has significant ecotoxicity effects.

Biodegradation and physiological response mechanism of Bacillus aryabhattai to cyclotetramethylenete-tranitramine (HMX) contamination.

This study aims to reveal the biodegradation and interaction mechanism of cyclotetramethylenete-tranitramine (HMX) by a newly isolated bacteria. In this study, a bacterial strain (Bacillus aryabhattai) with high efficiency for HMX degradation was used as the test organism to analyze the changes in growth status, cell function, and mineral metabolism following exposure to different stress concentrations (0 and 5 mg L-1) of HMX. Non-targeted metabonomics was used to reveal the metabolic response of this strain to HMX stress. The results showed that when the HMX concentration was 5 mg L-1, the removal rate of HMX within 24 h of inoculation with Bacillus aryabhatta was as high as 90.5%, the OD600 turbidity was 1.024, and the BOD5 was 225 mg L-1. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the morphology of bacteria was not obvious Variety, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the cell surface -OH functional groups drifted, and ICP-MS showed that the cell mineral element metabolism was disturbed. Non-targeted metabonomics showed that HMX induced the differential expression of 254 metabolites (133 upregulated and 221 downregulated). The main differentially expressed metabolites during HMX stress were lipids and lipid-like molecules, and the most significantly affected metabolic pathway was purine metabolism. At the same time, the primary metabolic network of bacteria was disordered. These results confirmed that Bacillus aryabhattai has a high tolerance to HMX and can efficiently degrade HMX. The degradation mechanism involves the extracellular decomposition of HMX and transformation of the degradation products into intracellular purines, amino sugars, and nucleoside sugars that then participate in cell metabolism.

Nanoheterogeneity of LiTFSI Solutions Transitions Close to a Surface and with Concentration.

Water-in-salt (WIS) electrolytes composed of 21 m LiTFSI have recently emerged as a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional organic electrolytes in Li-ion batteries. Several studies have emphasized the relation between the high conductivity of WIS electrolytes and their nanoscale structure. Combining force measurements with a surface forces apparatus and atomic force microscopy, this study describes the nanoheterogeneity of LiTFSI solutions as a function of concentration and distance from a negatively charged (mica) surface. We report various nanostructures coexisting in the WIS electrolyte, whose size increases with concentration and is influenced by the proximity of the mica surface. Two key concentration thresholds are identified, beyond which a transition of behavior is observed. The careful scrutinization on the concentration-dependent nanostructures lays groundwork for designing novel electrolytes in future energy storage devices.

Application of mixed bacteria-loaded biochar to enhance uranium and cadmium immobilization in a co-contaminated soil.

This research explored the effect of biochar pyrolyzed from five different materials on U and Cd immobilization in soil. The results showed that all biochars improved the soil properties and microbial metabolic activities, and effectively immobilized U and Cd, especially corn stalk biochar. Subsequently, three strains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Citrobacter sp. were mixed in a 3:3:2 proportion as a kind of mixed bacteria (MB9) that could adsorb U and Cd effectively. Two types of MB9-loaded biochar were synthesized by physical adsorption and sodium alginate embed method and referred to as AIB and EIB, respectively. MB9-loaded biochar showed superior U and Cd immobilization performance. At 75 d, the highest reduction in the DTPA- extractable U and Cd (69 % and 56 %) was achieved with the 3% AIB amendment. Additionally, compared to the addition of biochar or MB9 alone, AIB was more effective in promoting celery growth and reducing U and Cd accumulation. Finally, the microbial community structure analysis suggested that the relative abundance of Citrobacter genus and Bacillus genus was significantly increased, suggesting that the mixed bacteria MB9 was successfully colonized. These findings may provide a feasible technology for green and cost-effective remediation of heavy metal contamination in farmland soil.

Usage of microbial combination degradation technology for the remediation of uranium contaminated ryegrass.

Post phytoremediation accumulation of heavy metals in plants is causing an environmental issue worldwide. In this study, we investigated the ability of eight different kinds of microorganisms to degrade and release heavy metals from heavy metal enriched ryegrass, including 5 species of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus-I, Bacillus pumilus-II and Bacillus cereus) and 3 of fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trichoderma ressei and Pterula sp. strain QD-1), by growing them under uranium stress and assessing their ability to degrade biomass. After 30 days, the degradation ability of fungi was found better than that of bacteria, while the metal leaching ability of bacteria was found better. The highest degradation rate (upto 60%) was obtained by using P. chrysosporium, Pterula sp. strain QD-1 exhibited the best leaching rate for uranium (upto 77%). The overall degradation rate of lignin and cellulose and hemicellulose was found lower (40% and 60%, respectively). According to the antagonistic characteristics of microbes, we combined different dominant species, in which under optimal conditions the T2 combination (P. chrysosporium, T. reesei, and Pterula sp. strain QD-1 and B. subtilis) was able to degrade 80% of the ryegrass, 51% of lignin, 74% of cellulose and hemicellulose, releasing 78% of U, 90% of Pb and the releasing rate of other heavy metals was more than 95%. FTIR analysis showed the least degradation of lignin, while SEM-EDX analysis of the degradation residues displayed the microstructure of ryegrass being greatly damaged. Only a small amount of U was found in the residues of the researched combinations. This study provides efficient Microbial Combined Degradation Technology for heavy metal enriched biomass, which can effectively deal with heavy metal enriched plants, and provide a basis for the recovery and utilization of heavy metals, avoiding secondary pollution in the environment caused by this type of biomass.

Mixing oil and water with ionic liquids: bicontinuous microemulsions under confinement.

We report the structural transition of a phosphonium ionic liquid-based microemulsion from the bulk to nanoconfined between atomically flat micas. Upon the nanoconfinement, we observed a firmly surface-adsorbed ionic liquid film that stabilizes the nanoconfined microemulsion. Further confinement (<11 nm) induces rearrangements in the microemulsion culminating into two well-ordered layers with slow dynamics.